{"id":1928,"date":"2026-10-23T10:20:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-23T08:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/?p=1928"},"modified":"2026-10-28T18:19:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T17:19:43","slug":"rd-spending-by-country-croatia-eu-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/rd-spending-by-country-croatia-eu-world\/","title":{"rendered":"R&#038;D spending by country: Croatia, the EU and world leaders in charts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In 2024 Croatia invested EUR 1.21 billion in research and development (R&amp;D), or 1.41% of gross domestic product (GDP). The European Union average is 2.26%, and the target of both the EU and Croatia&#8217;s National Development Strategy to 2030 is 3% of GDP. The world leaders are Israel (6.76%), South Korea (5.13%) and Taiwan (4.10%), and within the EU Sweden (3.53%). Richer economies generally invest more. Across 113 economies, the correlation coefficient between R&amp;D expenditure as a share of GDP and GDP per capita is 0.50.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This analysis uses official data from Eurostat, the OECD, the World Bank and the Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS), with five interactive charts, key figures, a correlation analysis with GDP per capita and a calculator of the investment needed to reach the EU average. It ends with an overview of the support that businesses in Croatia can use for their own R&amp;D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key points<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Croatia invests 1.41% of GDP in R&amp;D and shares 16th place in the EU with Italy. Per inhabitant this is EUR 313, against EUR 909 in the EU.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since 2014 the share has risen from 0.77% to 1.41% of GDP, and spending from EUR 340 million to EUR 1.21 billion. According to current Eurostat data, this is the third largest increase in the EU in percentage points.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The largest gap is in the business sector, which performs R&amp;D worth 0.80% of GDP, against 1.50% in the EU.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to Eurostat, since 2020 China has invested a larger share of GDP than the EU; in 2024 the shares were 2.69% and 2.26%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The link with GDP per capita is moderate and positive, but it does not prove causation and weakens markedly among high-income economies. Croatia is close to the global trend line.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To reach the EU average, Croatia would need to invest about EUR 0.8 billion more per year, and about EUR 1.5 billion more for the 3% target.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important}\n.vz-tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(210px,1fr));gap:12px}\n.vz-tile{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 14px 12px}\n.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:23px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;color:#002245;display:block;white-space:nowrap}\n.vz-tile .vz-l{font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;display:block;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-tile.vz-hr{border-color:#d9572b;box-shadow:inset 4px 0 0 #d9572b}\n.vz-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px;margin:0 0 12px;font-size:13.5px;color:#4a5d75}\n.vz-legend span{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}\n.vz-legend i{display:inline-block;width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:3px}\n.vz-legend i.vz-c{border-radius:50%}\n.vz-legend i.vz-o{background:transparent !important;border:2px dashed #4a5d75}\n.vz-legend i.vz-l{width:16px;height:0;border-top:2px dashed #4a5d75;border-radius:0}\n.vz-ctrl{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0 0 14px}\n.vz-ctrl button{border:1px solid 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.vz-scroll{max-height:320px;overflow:auto}\n.vz-chart{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:240px;touch-action:pan-y}\n.vz-chart svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible}\n.vz-chart text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-figures\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Key figures<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">Investment in research and development in 2024<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tiles\">\n<div class=\"vz-tile vz-hr\"><span class=\"vz-n\">1.41% of GDP<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">Croatia: EUR 1.21 billion, 16th in the EU<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-tile\"><span class=\"vz-n\">2.26% of GDP<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">EU as a whole: EUR 408.4 billion<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-tile vz-hr\"><span class=\"vz-n\">EUR 313<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">per inhabitant in Croatia, against EUR 909 in the EU<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-tile vz-hr\"><span class=\"vz-n\">0.80% of GDP<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">R&amp;D performed by businesses in Croatia, against 1.50% in the EU<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-tile\"><span class=\"vz-n\">3% of GDP<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">target of the EU and of Croatia&#x27;s National Development Strategy to 2030<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-tile\"><span class=\"vz-n\">6.76% of GDP<\/span><span class=\"vz-l\">Israel, the highest among economies covered by the OECD<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Sources: Eurostat (updated 29 September 2026), OECD MSTI (March 2026).<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much does Croatia invest in R&amp;D?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Eurostat, gross domestic expenditure on R&amp;D in Croatia amounted to EUR 1,208.8 million in 2024, 11.7% more than in 2023. The share of GDP was 1.41%, the same as in Italy, which places Croatia 16th among the 27 Member States. DZS published the same share in July 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spending in euros has risen every year since 2014. That year Croatia invested 0.77% of GDP in R&amp;D, and by 2024 the share had risen by 0.64 percentage points. According to current Eurostat data, only Belgium and Greece recorded larger increases in percentage points. Over the same period the EU average rose from 2.09% to 2.26%, so the gap narrowed from 1.32 to 0.85 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Per inhabitant, Croatia invests EUR 313 a year, about one third of the EU average of EUR 909. The gap is wider than for the share of GDP because GDP per capita in euros is only about 56% of the EU average (78.5% in purchasing power standards).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important}\n.vz-tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(210px,1fr));gap:12px}\n.vz-tile{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 14px 12px}\n.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:23px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;color:#002245;display:block;white-space:nowrap}\n.vz-tile .vz-l{font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;display:block;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-tile.vz-hr{border-color:#d9572b;box-shadow:inset 4px 0 0 #d9572b}\n.vz-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px;margin:0 0 12px;font-size:13.5px;color:#4a5d75}\n.vz-legend span{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}\n.vz-legend i{display:inline-block;width:12px;height:12px;border-radius:3px}\n.vz-legend i.vz-c{border-radius:50%}\n.vz-legend i.vz-o{background:transparent !important;border:2px dashed #4a5d75}\n.vz-legend i.vz-l{width:16px;height:0;border-top:2px dashed #4a5d75;border-radius:0}\n.vz-ctrl{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0 0 14px}\n.vz-ctrl button{border:1px solid 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.vz-scroll{max-height:320px;overflow:auto}\n.vz-chart{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:240px;touch-action:pan-y}\n.vz-chart svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible}\n.vz-chart text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-trend\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Interactive chart<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">R&amp;D expenditure 2014\u20132024, % of GDP<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#d9572b\"><\/i>Croatia<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#2563b0\"><\/i>EU average<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#1a9e72\"><\/i>Slovenia<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-l\"><\/i>Target of 3% of GDP<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-chart\" data-cfg=\"{&quot;years&quot;:[2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],&quot;s&quot;:[{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Croatia&quot;,&quot;sn&quot;:&quot;Croatia&quot;,&quot;sc&quot;:&quot;HR&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;#d9572b&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:[0.77,0.82,0.85,0.84,0.95,1.08,1.24,1.24,1.42,1.37,1.41]},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;EU average&quot;,&quot;sn&quot;:&quot;EU&quot;,&quot;sc&quot;:&quot;EU&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;#2563b0&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:[2.09,2.1,2.1,2.14,2.17,2.21,2.28,2.24,2.22,2.25,2.26]},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Slovenia&quot;,&quot;sn&quot;:&quot;Slovenia&quot;,&quot;sc&quot;:&quot;SI&quot;,&quot;c&quot;:&quot;#1a9e72&quot;,&quot;v&quot;:[2.39,2.22,2.03,1.88,1.96,2.06,2.16,2.14,2.1,2.13,2.14]}],&quot;ref&quot;:3.0,&quot;ymax&quot;:3.5,&quot;reflab&quot;:&quot;3% target&quot;,&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;}\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Line chart: Croatia raised R&amp;D expenditure from 0.77% of GDP in 2014 to 1.41% in 2024; the EU average rose from 2.09% to 2.26%, and Slovenia stood at 2.14% in 2024.\"><\/div>\n<details><summary>Show the data as a table<\/summary><div class=\"vz-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th>Year<\/th><th>Croatia<\/th><th>EU average<\/th><th>Slovenia<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>2014<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.77%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.09%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.39%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2015<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.82%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.22%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.85%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.03%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2017<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.84%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.14%<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.88%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2018<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.95%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.17%<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.96%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2019<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.08%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.21%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.06%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2020<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.24%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.28%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.16%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2021<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.24%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.24%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.14%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2022<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.42%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.22%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.10%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.37%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.25%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.13%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.41%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.26%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.14%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"vz-note\" style=\"margin-top:12px !important\">Hover over or tap the chart to see the values for each year.<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Source: Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (updated 29 September 2026).<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var fig = document.getElementById(\"rd-trend\");\n  if (!fig) { return; }\n  function tipInit(fig) {\n    var tip = fig.querySelector(\".vz-tip\");\n    function show(el) {\n      tip.textContent = el.getAttribute(\"data-tip\");\n      tip.hidden = false;\n      var fr = 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window.addEventListener(\"resize\", function() { if (Math.abs(box.clientWidth - lastW) > 20) { lastW = box.clientWidth; draw(); } });\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">World leaders in R&amp;D spending<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI), Israel (6.76% in 2024), South Korea (5.13%) and Taiwan (4.10%) invest the largest shares of GDP in R&amp;D. They are followed by Japan (3.62%, OECD estimate), Sweden (3.56%; 3.53% according to Eurostat) and the United States (3.44%). The OECD average is 2.72%, and the world average according to UNESCO and World Bank data is about 2.6% (2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">South Korea raised its share from 3.89% to 5.13% of GDP in ten years. According to data published by Eurostat, in 2020 China invested a larger share of GDP than the EU for the first time (2.36% against 2.28%), and in 2024 the shares were 2.69% and 2.26%. The EU as a whole lags behind the United States, Japan and China, although six Member States, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Finland, Denmark and Germany, exceed the 3% target.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 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.vz-scroll{max-height:320px;overflow:auto}\n.vz-chart{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:240px;touch-action:pan-y}\n.vz-chart svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible}\n.vz-chart text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-world\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Interactive chart<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">World leaders: R&amp;D expenditure as % of GDP<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#1a9e72\"><\/i>Non-EU countries<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#2563b0\"><\/i>EU Member States<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#d9572b\"><\/i>Croatia<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-o\"><\/i>Averages<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-l\"><\/i>Target of 3% of GDP<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-rows\">\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Israel<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Israel: 6.76% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Israel: 6.76% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:96.57%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">6.76%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">South Korea<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"South Korea: 5.13% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"South Korea: 5.13% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:73.29%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">5.13%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Taiwan<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Taiwan: 4.10% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Taiwan: 4.10% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:58.57%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">4.10%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Japan *<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Japan: 3.62% of GDP (2024) (OECD estimate)\" aria-label=\"Japan: 3.62% of GDP (2024) (OECD estimate)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:51.71%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.62%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Sweden<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Sweden: 3.53% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Sweden: 3.53% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:50.43%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.53%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">United States<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"United States: 3.44% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"United States: 3.44% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:49.14%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.44%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Austria<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Austria: 3.34% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Austria: 3.34% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:47.71%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.34%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Belgium<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Belgium: 3.25% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Belgium: 3.25% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:46.43%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.25%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Finland<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Finland: 3.22% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Finland: 3.22% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:46.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.22%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Denmark<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Denmark: 3.15% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Denmark: 3.15% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:45.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.15%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Germany<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Germany: 3.12% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Germany: 3.12% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:44.57%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.12%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Switzerland (2023)<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Switzerland: 3.10% of GDP (2023)\" aria-label=\"Switzerland: 3.10% of GDP (2023)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:44.29%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.10%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">United Kingdom (2023)<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"United Kingdom: 2.75% of GDP (2023)\" aria-label=\"United Kingdom: 2.75% of GDP (2023)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:39.29%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.75%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-agg\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">OECD average<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"OECD average: 2.72% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"OECD average: 2.72% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:38.86%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.72%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">China<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"China: 2.69% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"China: 2.69% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:38.43%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.69%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-agg\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">World average (2023)<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"World average: 2.60% of GDP (2023)\" aria-label=\"World average: 2.60% of GDP (2023)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:37.14%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.60%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-agg\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">EU average<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"EU average: 2.26% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"EU average: 2.26% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:32.29%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.26%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Slovenia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Slovenia: 2.14% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Slovenia: 2.14% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:30.57%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.14%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Singapore (2023)<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Singapore: 2.03% of GDP (2023)\" aria-label=\"Singapore: 2.03% of GDP (2023)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:29.0%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.03%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Canada<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Canada: 1.79% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Canada: 1.79% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:25.57%;background:#1a9e72\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.79%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-hr\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Croatia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Croatia: 1.41% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Croatia: 1.41% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:20.14%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:42.86%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.41%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-note\" style=\"margin-top:12px !important\">Selected economies. Hover over or tap a bar for details. The year is 2024 unless stated otherwise. * OECD estimate. For the United States and Israel the OECD notes methodological differences from other countries.<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Sources: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (non-EU countries and OECD average), Eurostat (EU Member States and EU average), World Bank and UNESCO (world average, 2023).<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var fig = document.getElementById(\"rd-world\");\n  if (!fig) { return; }\n  function tipInit(fig) {\n    var tip = fig.querySelector(\".vz-tip\");\n    function show(el) {\n      tip.textContent = el.getAttribute(\"data-tip\");\n      tip.hidden = false;\n      var fr = fig.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var r = el.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var x = r.left - fr.left + 10;\n      var maxX = fig.clientWidth - tip.offsetWidth - 8;\n      if (x > maxX) { x = maxX; }\n      if (x < 8) { x = 8; }\n      tip.style.left = x + \"px\";\n      tip.style.top = (r.top - fr.top - tip.offsetHeight - 6) + \"px\";\n    }\n    function hide() { tip.hidden = true; }\n    fig.querySelectorAll(\"[data-tip]\").forEach(function(el) {\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"focus\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"blur\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"click\", function() { if (tip.hidden) { show(el); } else { hide(); } });\n    });\n  }\n  tipInit(fig);\n\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where does Croatia stand in the EU?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With 1.41%, Croatia is just below the middle of the ranking, ahead of Poland (1.40%), Hungary (1.31%) and Slovakia (0.98%), and behind Slovenia (2.14%), Estonia (1.98%), Czechia (1.82%) and Portugal (1.73%). The lowest shares are in Romania (0.46%), Malta (0.61%) and Cyprus (0.64%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The comparison with Estonia shows the room for growth. Both countries have almost the same GDP per capita (78.6% and 78.5% of the EU average in purchasing power standards), yet Estonia invests 1.98% of GDP in R&amp;D, 0.57 percentage points more than Croatia. Portugal, with GDP per capita at 82.3% of the EU average, invests 1.73%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chart compares three indicators: total R&amp;D expenditure as a share of GDP, R&amp;D performed by businesses, and spending in euros per inhabitant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px 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.vz-scroll{max-height:320px;overflow:auto}\n.vz-chart{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:240px;touch-action:pan-y}\n.vz-chart svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible}\n.vz-chart text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-eu\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Interactive chart<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">EU Member States: R&amp;D expenditure in 2024<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-ctrl\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose an indicator\"><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Total, % of GDP<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Business, % of GDP<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">EUR per inhabitant<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#2563b0\"><\/i>EU Member States<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#d9572b\"><\/i>Croatia<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-o\"><\/i>EU average<\/span><span class=\"vz-reflab\"><i class=\"vz-l\"><\/i>Target of 3% of GDP<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-rows\" data-sortable=\"1\">\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.53\" data-x0=\"3.53%\" data-p0=\"Sweden: total 3.53% of GDP\" data-v1=\"2.59\" data-x1=\"2.59%\" data-p1=\"Sweden: business sector 2.59% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1885.999\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,886\" data-p2=\"Sweden: EUR 1,886 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Sweden<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Sweden: total 3.53% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Sweden: total 3.53% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:88.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.53%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.34\" data-x0=\"3.34%\" data-p0=\"Austria: total 3.34% of GDP\" data-v1=\"2.3\" data-x1=\"2.30%\" data-p1=\"Austria: business sector 2.30% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1802.575\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,803\" data-p2=\"Austria: EUR 1,803 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Austria<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Austria: total 3.34% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Austria: total 3.34% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:83.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.34%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.25\" data-x0=\"3.25%\" data-p0=\"Belgium: total 3.25% of GDP\" data-v1=\"2.35\" data-x1=\"2.35%\" data-p1=\"Belgium: business sector 2.35% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1706.46\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,706\" data-p2=\"Belgium: EUR 1,706 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Belgium<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Belgium: total 3.25% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Belgium: total 3.25% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:81.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.25%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.22\" data-x0=\"3.22%\" data-p0=\"Finland: total 3.22% of GDP\" data-v1=\"2.19\" data-x1=\"2.19%\" data-p1=\"Finland: business sector 2.19% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1586.867\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,587\" data-p2=\"Finland: EUR 1,587 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Finland<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Finland: total 3.22% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Finland: total 3.22% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:80.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.22%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.15\" data-x0=\"3.15%\" data-p0=\"Denmark: total 3.15% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.98\" data-x1=\"1.98%\" data-p1=\"Denmark: business sector 1.98% of GDP\" data-v2=\"2114.57\" data-x2=\"EUR 2,115\" data-p2=\"Denmark: EUR 2,115 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Denmark<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Denmark: total 3.15% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Denmark: total 3.15% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:78.75%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.15%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"3.12\" data-x0=\"3.12%\" data-p0=\"Germany: total 3.12% of GDP\" data-v1=\"2.11\" data-x1=\"2.11%\" data-p1=\"Germany: business sector 2.11% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1642.299\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,642\" data-p2=\"Germany: EUR 1,642 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Germany<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Germany: total 3.12% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Germany: total 3.12% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:78.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.12%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"2.37\" data-x0=\"2.37%\" data-p0=\"Netherlands: total 2.37% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.68\" data-x1=\"1.68%\" data-p1=\"Netherlands: business sector 1.68% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1473.417\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,473\" data-p2=\"Netherlands: EUR 1,473 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Netherlands<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Netherlands: total 2.37% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Netherlands: total 2.37% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:59.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.37%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-agg\" data-v0=\"2.26\" data-x0=\"2.26%\" data-p0=\"EU average: total 2.26% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.5\" data-x1=\"1.50%\" data-p1=\"EU average: business sector 1.50% of GDP\" data-v2=\"909.017\" data-x2=\"EUR 909\" data-p2=\"EU average: EUR 909 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">EU average<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"EU average: total 2.26% of GDP\" aria-label=\"EU average: total 2.26% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:56.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.26%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"2.18\" data-x0=\"2.18%\" data-p0=\"France: total 2.18% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.43\" data-x1=\"1.43%\" data-p1=\"France: business sector 1.43% of GDP\" data-v2=\"933.876\" data-x2=\"EUR 934\" data-p2=\"France: EUR 934 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">France<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"France: total 2.18% of GDP\" aria-label=\"France: total 2.18% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:54.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.18%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"2.14\" data-x0=\"2.14%\" data-p0=\"Slovenia: total 2.14% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.47\" data-x1=\"1.47%\" data-p1=\"Slovenia: business sector 1.47% of GDP\" data-v2=\"677.701\" data-x2=\"EUR 678\" data-p2=\"Slovenia: EUR 678 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Slovenia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Slovenia: total 2.14% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Slovenia: total 2.14% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:53.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">2.14%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.98\" data-x0=\"1.98%\" data-p0=\"Estonia: total 1.98% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.18\" data-x1=\"1.18%\" data-p1=\"Estonia: business sector 1.18% of GDP\" data-v2=\"575.45\" data-x2=\"EUR 575\" data-p2=\"Estonia: EUR 575 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Estonia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Estonia: total 1.98% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Estonia: total 1.98% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:49.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.98%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.82\" data-x0=\"1.82%\" data-p0=\"Czechia: total 1.82% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.18\" data-x1=\"1.18%\" data-p1=\"Czechia: business sector 1.18% of GDP\" data-v2=\"536.165\" data-x2=\"EUR 536\" data-p2=\"Czechia: EUR 536 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Czechia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Czechia: total 1.82% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Czechia: total 1.82% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:45.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.82%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.73\" data-x0=\"1.73%\" data-p0=\"Portugal: total 1.73% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.09\" data-x1=\"1.09%\" data-p1=\"Portugal: business sector 1.09% of GDP\" data-v2=\"471.832\" data-x2=\"EUR 472\" data-p2=\"Portugal: EUR 472 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Portugal<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Portugal: total 1.73% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Portugal: total 1.73% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:43.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.73%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.59\" data-x0=\"1.59%\" data-p0=\"Ireland: total 1.59% of GDP\" data-v1=\"1.38\" data-x1=\"1.38%\" data-p1=\"Ireland: business sector 1.38% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1668.548\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,669\" data-p2=\"Ireland: EUR 1,669 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Ireland<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Ireland: total 1.59% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Ireland: total 1.59% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:39.75%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.59%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.53\" data-x0=\"1.53%\" data-p0=\"Greece: total 1.53% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.84\" data-x1=\"0.84%\" data-p1=\"Greece: business sector 0.84% of GDP\" data-v2=\"349.021\" data-x2=\"EUR 349\" data-p2=\"Greece: EUR 349 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Greece<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Greece: total 1.53% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Greece: total 1.53% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:38.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.53%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.5\" data-x0=\"1.50%\" data-p0=\"Spain: total 1.50% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.84\" data-x1=\"0.84%\" data-p1=\"Spain: business sector 0.84% of GDP\" data-v2=\"492.35\" data-x2=\"EUR 492\" data-p2=\"Spain: EUR 492 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Spain<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Spain: total 1.50% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Spain: total 1.50% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:37.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.50%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row vz-hr\" data-v0=\"1.41\" data-x0=\"1.41%\" data-p0=\"Croatia: total 1.41% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.8\" data-x1=\"0.80%\" data-p1=\"Croatia: business sector 0.80% of GDP\" data-v2=\"313.004\" data-x2=\"EUR 313\" data-p2=\"Croatia: EUR 313 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Croatia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Croatia: total 1.41% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Croatia: total 1.41% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:35.25%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.41%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.41\" data-x0=\"1.41%\" data-p0=\"Italy: total 1.41% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.8\" data-x1=\"0.80%\" data-p1=\"Italy: business sector 0.80% of GDP\" data-v2=\"526.413\" data-x2=\"EUR 526\" data-p2=\"Italy: EUR 526 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Italy<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Italy: total 1.41% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Italy: total 1.41% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:35.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.41%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.4\" data-x0=\"1.40%\" data-p0=\"Poland: total 1.40% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.89\" data-x1=\"0.89%\" data-p1=\"Poland: business sector 0.89% of GDP\" data-v2=\"326.467\" data-x2=\"EUR 326\" data-p2=\"Poland: EUR 326 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Poland<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Poland: total 1.40% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Poland: total 1.40% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:35.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.40%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.31\" data-x0=\"1.31%\" data-p0=\"Hungary: total 1.31% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.99\" data-x1=\"0.99%\" data-p1=\"Hungary: business sector 0.99% of GDP\" data-v2=\"282.228\" data-x2=\"EUR 282\" data-p2=\"Hungary: EUR 282 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Hungary<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Hungary: total 1.31% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Hungary: total 1.31% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:32.75%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.31%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.12\" data-x0=\"1.12%\" data-p0=\"Lithuania: total 1.12% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.5\" data-x1=\"0.50%\" data-p1=\"Lithuania: business sector 0.50% of GDP\" data-v2=\"306.793\" data-x2=\"EUR 307\" data-p2=\"Lithuania: EUR 307 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Lithuania<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Lithuania: total 1.12% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Lithuania: total 1.12% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:28.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.12%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"1.04\" data-x0=\"1.04%\" data-p0=\"Luxembourg: total 1.04% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.48\" data-x1=\"0.48%\" data-p1=\"Luxembourg: business sector 0.48% of GDP\" data-v2=\"1329.09\" data-x2=\"EUR 1,329\" data-p2=\"Luxembourg: EUR 1,329 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Luxembourg<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Luxembourg: total 1.04% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Luxembourg: total 1.04% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:26.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.04%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.98\" data-x0=\"0.98%\" data-p0=\"Slovakia: total 0.98% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.59\" data-x1=\"0.59%\" data-p1=\"Slovakia: business sector 0.59% of GDP\" data-v2=\"235.735\" data-x2=\"EUR 236\" data-p2=\"Slovakia: EUR 236 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Slovakia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Slovakia: total 0.98% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Slovakia: total 0.98% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:24.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.98%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.94\" data-x0=\"0.94%\" data-p0=\"Latvia: total 0.94% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.36\" data-x1=\"0.36%\" data-p1=\"Latvia: business sector 0.36% of GDP\" data-v2=\"203.869\" data-x2=\"EUR 204\" data-p2=\"Latvia: EUR 204 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Latvia<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Latvia: total 0.94% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Latvia: total 0.94% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:23.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.94%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.77\" data-x0=\"0.77%\" data-p0=\"Bulgaria: total 0.77% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.5\" data-x1=\"0.50%\" data-p1=\"Bulgaria: business sector 0.50% of GDP\" data-v2=\"124.871\" data-x2=\"EUR 125\" data-p2=\"Bulgaria: EUR 125 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Bulgaria<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Bulgaria: total 0.77% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Bulgaria: total 0.77% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:19.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.77%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.64\" data-x0=\"0.64%\" data-p0=\"Cyprus: total 0.64% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.29\" data-x1=\"0.29%\" data-p1=\"Cyprus: business sector 0.29% of GDP\" data-v2=\"229.589\" data-x2=\"EUR 230\" data-p2=\"Cyprus: EUR 230 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Cyprus<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Cyprus: total 0.64% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Cyprus: total 0.64% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:16.0%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.64%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.61\" data-x0=\"0.61%\" data-p0=\"Malta: total 0.61% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.43\" data-x1=\"0.43%\" data-p1=\"Malta: business sector 0.43% of GDP\" data-v2=\"248.784\" data-x2=\"EUR 249\" data-p2=\"Malta: EUR 249 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Malta<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Malta: total 0.61% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Malta: total 0.61% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:15.25%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.61%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\" data-v0=\"0.46\" data-x0=\"0.46%\" data-p0=\"Romania: total 0.46% of GDP\" data-v1=\"0.29\" data-x1=\"0.29%\" data-p1=\"Romania: business sector 0.29% of GDP\" data-v2=\"85.182\" data-x2=\"EUR 85\" data-p2=\"Romania: EUR 85 per inhabitant\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Romania<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Romania: total 0.46% of GDP\" aria-label=\"Romania: total 0.46% of GDP\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:11.5%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><div class=\"vz-ref\" style=\"left:75%\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.46%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-note vz-cnote\" style=\"margin-top:12px !important\" data-n0=\"With 1.41% Croatia shares 16th place with Italy. Six Member States meet or exceed the 3% target.\" data-n1=\"Businesses in Croatia perform R&amp;D worth 0.80% of GDP, against 1.50% in the EU. This is where most of the gap lies.\" data-n2=\"Croatia invests EUR 313 per inhabitant, about one third of the EU average of EUR 909.\">With 1.41% Croatia shares 16th place with Italy. Six Member States meet or exceed the 3% target.<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Source: Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot (updated 29 September 2026). Business = R&amp;D performed by the business enterprise sector.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var fig = document.getElementById(\"rd-eu\");\n  if (!fig) { return; }\n  function tipInit(fig) {\n    var tip = fig.querySelector(\".vz-tip\");\n    function show(el) {\n      tip.textContent = el.getAttribute(\"data-tip\");\n      tip.hidden = false;\n      var fr = fig.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var r = el.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var x = r.left - fr.left + 10;\n      var maxX = fig.clientWidth - tip.offsetWidth - 8;\n      if (x > maxX) { x = maxX; }\n      if (x < 8) { x = 8; }\n      tip.style.left = x + \"px\";\n      tip.style.top = (r.top - fr.top - tip.offsetHeight - 6) + \"px\";\n    }\n    function hide() { tip.hidden = true; }\n    fig.querySelectorAll(\"[data-tip]\").forEach(function(el) {\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"focus\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"blur\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"click\", function() { if (tip.hidden) { show(el); } else { hide(); } });\n    });\n  }\n  tipInit(fig);\n  var rows = fig.querySelector(\".vz-rows\");\n  var btns = fig.querySelectorAll(\".vz-ctrl button\");\n  var note = fig.querySelector(\".vz-cnote\");\n  var reflab = fig.querySelector(\".vz-reflab\");\n  var MAX = [4, 3, 2400];\n  function apply(m) {\n    var list = Array.prototype.slice.call(rows.children);\n    list.forEach(function(r) {\n      var v = parseFloat(r.getAttribute(\"data-v\" + m));\n      var bar = r.querySelector(\".vz-bar\");\n      r.querySelector(\".vz-fill\").style.width = (v \/ MAX[m] * 100).toFixed(2) + \"%\";\n      r.querySelector(\".vz-v\").textContent = r.getAttribute(\"data-x\" + m);\n      bar.setAttribute(\"data-tip\", r.getAttribute(\"data-p\" + m));\n      bar.setAttribute(\"aria-label\", r.getAttribute(\"data-p\" + m));\n      var ref = r.querySelector(\".vz-ref\");\n      ref.style.display = m === 0 ? \"\" : \"none\";\n    });\n    list.sort(function(p, q) { return parseFloat(q.getAttribute(\"data-v\" + m)) - parseFloat(p.getAttribute(\"data-v\" + m)); });\n    list.forEach(function(r) { rows.appendChild(r); });\n    note.textContent = note.getAttribute(\"data-n\" + m);\n    reflab.style.display = m === 0 ? \"\" : \"none\";\n  }\n  btns.forEach(function(b) {\n    b.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\n      btns.forEach(function(x) { x.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", x === b ? \"true\" : \"false\"); });\n      apply(parseInt(b.getAttribute(\"data-m\"), 10));\n    });\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Who performs and funds R&amp;D in Croatia?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most of the gap with the EU is in the business sector. In 2024 businesses in Croatia performed R&amp;D worth 0.80% of GDP, against 1.50% in the EU. Of the total gap of 0.85 percentage points, 0.70 points are in the business sector. Higher education (0.37% against 0.49%) and government (0.24% against 0.25%) are closer to the EU average.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Business R&amp;D is growing faster than the total. Between 2014 and 2024 it rose from EUR 164 million to EUR 686 million, and from 0.37% to 0.80% of GDP. Businesses now perform 57% of all R&amp;D in Croatia, against about two thirds in the EU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funding shows a similar picture. In 2023 businesses in Croatia funded 45.1% of total R&amp;D, against 56.7% in the EU. Government funded 33.4% (EU 30.1%) and sources abroad 18.3% (EU 10.9%), of which the European Commission 10.9% (EU 2.6%). Croatian R&amp;D therefore depends more on European programmes than R&amp;D in the EU as a whole. 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text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-structure\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Interactive chart<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">Who performs and who funds R&amp;D: Croatia and the EU<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-ctrl\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose a view\"><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Who performs (2024, % of GDP)<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Who funds (2023, % of total)<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-legend\"><span><i style=\"background:#d9572b\"><\/i>Croatia<\/span><span><i style=\"background:#2563b0\"><\/i>EU-27<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-rows vz-g\" data-g=\"0\">\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Business<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Business, Croatia: 0.80% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Business, Croatia: 0.80% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:50.0%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.80%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Business, EU-27: 1.50% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Business, EU-27: 1.50% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:93.75%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.50%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Higher education<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Higher education, Croatia: 0.37% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Higher education, Croatia: 0.37% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:23.12%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.37%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Higher education, EU-27: 0.49% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Higher education, EU-27: 0.49% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:30.62%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.49%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Government<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Government, Croatia: 0.24% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Government, Croatia: 0.24% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:15.0%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.24%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Government, EU-27: 0.25% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Government, EU-27: 0.25% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:15.62%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.25%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Private non-profit<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Private non-profit, Croatia: 0.00% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Private non-profit, Croatia: 0.00% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:0.0%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.00%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Private non-profit, EU-27: 0.03% of GDP (2024)\" aria-label=\"Private non-profit, EU-27: 0.03% of GDP (2024)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:1.88%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.03%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-rows vz-g\" data-g=\"1\" hidden>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Business<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Business, Croatia: 45.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 488.3 million)\" aria-label=\"Business, Croatia: 45.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 488.3 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:75.22%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">45.1%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Business, EU-27: 56.7% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 220,761.9 million)\" aria-label=\"Business, EU-27: 56.7% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 220,761.9 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:94.54%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">56.7%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Government<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Government, Croatia: 33.4% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 360.9 million)\" aria-label=\"Government, Croatia: 33.4% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 360.9 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:55.6%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">33.4%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Government, EU-27: 30.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 116,981.8 million)\" aria-label=\"Government, EU-27: 30.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 116,981.8 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:50.1%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">30.1%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Abroad (including the EU)<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Abroad (including the EU), Croatia: 18.3% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 197.8 million); of which the European Commission 10.9%\" aria-label=\"Abroad (including the EU), Croatia: 18.3% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 197.8 million); of which the European Commission 10.9%\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:30.47%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">18.3%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Abroad (including the EU), EU-27: 10.9% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 42,338.5 million); of which the European Commission 2.6%\" aria-label=\"Abroad (including the EU), EU-27: 10.9% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 42,338.5 million); of which the European Commission 2.6%\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:18.13%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">10.9%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Higher education<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Higher education, Croatia: 3.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 33.9 million)\" aria-label=\"Higher education, Croatia: 3.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 33.9 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:5.22%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">3.1%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Higher education, EU-27: 1.3% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 4,884.4 million)\" aria-label=\"Higher education, EU-27: 1.3% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 4,884.4 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:2.09%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.3%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-row\"><p class=\"vz-rl\">Private non-profit<\/p><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Private non-profit, Croatia: 0.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 1.1 million)\" aria-label=\"Private non-profit, Croatia: 0.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 1.1 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:0.16%;background:#d9572b\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">0.1%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"vz-bar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tip=\"Private non-profit, EU-27: 1.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 4,217.6 million)\" aria-label=\"Private non-profit, EU-27: 1.1% of total R&amp;D funding (2023, EUR 4,217.6 million)\"><div class=\"vz-track\"><div class=\"vz-fill\" style=\"width:1.81%;background:#2563b0\"><\/div><\/div><span class=\"vz-v\">1.1%<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-note vz-enote\" style=\"margin-top:12px !important\" data-n0=\"Of the 0.85 percentage point gap between Croatia and the EU, 0.70 points are in the business sector.\" data-n1=\"In Croatia, funding from abroad covers 18.3% of R&amp;D, of which the European Commission 10.9%; in the EU 10.9%, of which the European Commission 2.6%.\">Of the 0.85 percentage point gap between Croatia and the EU, 0.70 points are in the business sector.<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Source: Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot and rd_e_gerdfund (updated 29 September 2026). Funding is shown for 2023, the latest year with EU data.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var fig = document.getElementById(\"rd-structure\");\n  if (!fig) { return; }\n  function tipInit(fig) {\n    var tip = fig.querySelector(\".vz-tip\");\n    function show(el) {\n      tip.textContent = el.getAttribute(\"data-tip\");\n      tip.hidden = false;\n      var fr = fig.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var r = el.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var x = r.left - fr.left + 10;\n      var maxX = fig.clientWidth - tip.offsetWidth - 8;\n      if (x > maxX) { x = maxX; }\n      if (x < 8) { x = 8; }\n      tip.style.left = x + \"px\";\n      tip.style.top = (r.top - fr.top - tip.offsetHeight - 6) + \"px\";\n    }\n    function hide() { tip.hidden = true; }\n    fig.querySelectorAll(\"[data-tip]\").forEach(function(el) {\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"focus\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"blur\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"click\", function() { if (tip.hidden) { show(el); } else { hide(); } });\n    });\n  }\n  tipInit(fig);\n  var btns = fig.querySelectorAll(\".vz-ctrl button\");\n  var groups = fig.querySelectorAll(\".vz-rows\");\n  var note = fig.querySelector(\".vz-enote\");\n  btns.forEach(function(b) {\n    b.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\n      var m = b.getAttribute(\"data-m\");\n      btns.forEach(function(x) { x.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", x === b ? \"true\" : \"false\"); });\n      groups.forEach(function(g) { g.hidden = g.getAttribute(\"data-g\") !== m; });\n      note.textContent = note.getAttribute(\"data-n\" + m);\n    });\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is higher R&amp;D spending linked to higher GDP per capita?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, moderately. Using World Bank and UNESCO data for 113 economies and the latest available year (mostly 2023 and 2024), the correlation coefficient between R&amp;D expenditure as a share of GDP and GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is 0.50. With the logarithm of GDP per capita it is 0.53, and the rank (Spearman) coefficient is 0.67. The logarithm of GDP per capita accounts statistically for about 28% of the variation in R&amp;D spending (R\u00b2 = 0.28), which does not imply causation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The difference is clear across groups. In the quarter of economies with the lowest GDP per capita (up to about USD 14,700) the median R&amp;D expenditure is 0.16% of GDP, and in the quarter with the highest (above about USD 58,000) it is 1.81%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are many exceptions, however. Among the 55 high-income economies the coefficient falls to 0.11, and the rank coefficient to 0.34. Qatar, Macao and Luxembourg have a very high GDP per capita but invest less than 1.1% of GDP, while Israel and South Korea invest far more than their income would suggest. In the EU, the correlation across all 27 Member States is only 0.16, because the GDP per capita of Ireland and Luxembourg largely reflects the profits of multinational companies and the work of cross-border commuters. Without these two countries the coefficient is 0.68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Correlation does not prove causation. Richer economies can afford more research, and R&amp;D raises productivity over time, so the link probably runs both ways and depends on the structure of the economy. Croatia is close to the global trend line. For its GDP per capita the trend predicts about 1.35% of GDP, and according to the same source Croatia invested 1.39% in 2023 (1.37% according to Eurostat). Within the EU, excluding Ireland and Luxembourg, the trend line predicts about 1.32% at Croatia's GDP per capita and about 2.05% at the EU average, so much of the gap mirrors the gap in income. Estonia and Portugal show that countries with a similar income can invest more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important}\n.vz-tiles{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(210px,1fr));gap:12px}\n.vz-tile{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 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text{font-family:inherit}\n.vz-stat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:0 0 12px}\n.vz-stat span{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:10px;padding:6px 10px;font-size:13.5px;color:#002245}\n.vz-stat b{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.vz-calc label{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;margin:0 0 6px;color:#002245}\n.vz-calc input[type=range]{width:100%;accent-color:#d9572b;margin:4px 0 12px}\n.vz-out-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(170px,1fr));gap:12px;margin-top:4px}\n.vz-out-grid div{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:14px;padding:12px 14px}\n.vz-out-grid b{display:block;font-size:22px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.2;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#002245}\n.vz-out-grid small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-correlation\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Interactive chart<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">R&amp;D expenditure and GDP per capita<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-ctrl\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Choose a sample\"><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">World (113 economies)<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-m=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">EU-27 (2024)<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-stat\" data-s0=\"Correlation (Pearson): 0.50 \u00b7 with log GDP: 0.53 \u00b7 rank (Spearman): 0.67 \u00b7 n = 113\" data-s1=\"Correlation (Pearson), all Member States: 0.16 \u00b7 without Ireland and Luxembourg: 0.68 \u00b7 rank (Spearman): 0.51\"><span>Correlation (Pearson): 0.50 \u00b7 with log GDP: 0.53 \u00b7 rank (Spearman): 0.67 \u00b7 n = 113<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-legend vz-flg\" data-l1=\"\"><span><i class=\"vz-c\" style=\"background:#2563b0\"><\/i>EU Member States<\/span><span class=\"vz-lo\"><i class=\"vz-c\" style=\"background:#1a9e72\"><\/i>Other economies<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-c\" style=\"background:#d9572b\"><\/i>Croatia<\/span><span><i class=\"vz-l\"><\/i>Trend line<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-chart\" data-cfg=\"{&quot;v&quot;:[{&quot;log&quot;:true,&quot;xmin&quot;:1000,&quot;xmax&quot;:200000,&quot;ymax&quot;:7,&quot;xt&quot;:[1000,2000,5000,10000,20000,50000,100000,200000],&quot;fit&quot;:{&quot;t&quot;:&quot;log&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:-5.102,&quot;b&quot;:0.5993},&quot;lab&quot;:[&quot;IL&quot;,&quot;KR&quot;,&quot;US&quot;,&quot;CN&quot;,&quot;LU&quot;,&quot;QA&quot;,&quot;IN&quot;],&quot;pts&quot;:[{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Albania&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:22138.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.2,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Algeria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;DZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:17646.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.444,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Andorra&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AD&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:68459.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.158,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Argentina&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:30246.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.601,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Armenia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AM&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:22856.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.286,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Australia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:58327.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.858,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Austria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:74261.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.255,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Azerbaijan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:25146.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.208,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bahrain&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BH&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:67230.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.193,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Belarus&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:33166.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.587,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Belgium&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:72630.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.272,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bermuda&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BM&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:85146.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.225,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bhutan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:17762.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.1,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bolivia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:11202.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.063,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:25148.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.214,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Brazil&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:21193.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.194,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bulgaria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:38829.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.792,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Burkina Faso&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BF&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:2901.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.105,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Canada&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:65483.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.791,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Chile&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:30919.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.392,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;China&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:25200.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.577,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Colombia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:15519.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.289,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:6646.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.383,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Costa Rica&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:29248.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.337,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Croatia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:47760.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.386,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;hr&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Cyprus&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:59875.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.681,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Czechia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:56062.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.834,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Denmark&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;DK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:77425.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.048,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Egypt&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;EG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:19122.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.018,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;El Salvador&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SV&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:12667.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.102,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Estonia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;EE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:48848.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.839,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Finland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;FI&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:63467.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.094,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;France&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;FR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:60927.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.178,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Georgia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;GE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:27487.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.264,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Germany&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;DE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:72262.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.154,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Greece&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;GR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:42614.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.494,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Guatemala&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;GT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:13752.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.006,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Honduras&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:5785.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.06,&quot;yr&quot;:2019,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Hong Kong&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:75342.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.126,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Hungary&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:46376.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.377,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Iceland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IS&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:82257.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.64,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;India&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:6766.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.646,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Indonesia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ID&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:11729.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.281,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Iran&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:15884.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.727,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Iraq&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IQ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:12732.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.041,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Ireland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:133440.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.588,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Israel&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:55301.0,&quot;y&quot;:6.346,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Italy&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:60350.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.379,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Japan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;JP&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:52726.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.441,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Kazakhstan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;KZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:40950.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.162,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Kenya&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;KE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:6650.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.811,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;South Korea&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;KR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:57430.0,&quot;y&quot;:4.944,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Kuwait&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;KW&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:53119.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.09,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;KG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:8208.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.053,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Latvia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LV&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:42784.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.824,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Lesotho&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LS&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:2880.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.095,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Lithuania&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:52720.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.05,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Luxembourg&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:152596.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.07,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Macao&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:127144.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.311,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Malawi&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MW&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:1450.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.178,&quot;yr&quot;:2019,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Malaysia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:34414.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.012,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Mali&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ML&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:3178.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.147,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Malta&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:67101.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.648,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Mauritius&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:31697.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.262,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Mexico&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MX&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:25820.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.254,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Moldova&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MD&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:18662.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.216,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Mongolia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:16399.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.084,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Montenegro&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ME&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:23705.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.363,&quot;yr&quot;:2019,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Myanmar&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MM&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:5958.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.023,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Namibia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:10661.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.646,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Netherlands&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:80392.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.267,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;New Zealand&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:54950.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.548,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Nigeria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:7551.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.284,&quot;yr&quot;:2019,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;North Macedonia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:26996.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.374,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Norway&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:107768.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.851,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Oman&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;OM&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:41801.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.39,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Pakistan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:6019.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.164,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Panama&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:41430.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.197,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Paraguay&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:17585.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.141,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Peru&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:17042.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.176,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Philippines&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PH&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:8238.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.276,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Poland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:48473.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.555,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Portugal&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:49800.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.695,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Qatar&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;QA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:116833.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.681,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Romania&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;RO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:45982.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.517,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Russia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;RU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:47686.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.937,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Rwanda&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;RW&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:3519.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.781,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:71936.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.635,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Serbia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;RS&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:32832.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.94,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Singapore&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:144418.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.808,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Slovakia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:45865.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.034,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Slovenia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SI&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:56151.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.134,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;South Africa&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ZA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:14747.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.615,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Spain&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ES&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:55661.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.494,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:14191.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.105,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Sweden&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:68458.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.6,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Switzerland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CH&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:93940.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.222,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Syria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:4905.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.042,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Tajikistan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TJ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:3654.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.09,&quot;yr&quot;:2020,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Thailand&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TH&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:23598.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.936,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Togo&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:3815.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.222,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:32974.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.05,&quot;yr&quot;:2022,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Tunisia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:12495.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.747,&quot;yr&quot;:2019,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;T\u00fcrkiye&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:43196.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.422,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;TM&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:19645.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.09,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Uganda&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;UG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:3100.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.438,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Ukraine&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;UA&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:18636.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.37,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:68580.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.495,&quot;yr&quot;:2021,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;United Kingdom&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;GB&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:60787.0,&quot;y&quot;:2.676,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;United States&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;US&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:82587.0,&quot;y&quot;:3.447,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Uruguay&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;UY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:34546.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.702,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;UZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:12518.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.104,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Vietnam&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;VN&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:15034.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.415,&quot;yr&quot;:2023,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;o&quot;}],&quot;xl&quot;:&quot;GDP per capita, USD at purchasing power parity (log scale)&quot;,&quot;xs&quot;:&quot;GDP per capita, USD (PPP), log scale&quot;,&quot;cur&quot;:&quot;USD (PPP)&quot;},{&quot;log&quot;:false,&quot;xmin&quot;:20000,&quot;xmax&quot;:100000,&quot;ymax&quot;:4,&quot;xt&quot;:[20000,40000,60000,80000,100000],&quot;fit&quot;:{&quot;t&quot;:&quot;lin&quot;,&quot;a&quot;:-1.3265,&quot;b&quot;:8.4e-05,&quot;x0&quot;:26000,&quot;x1&quot;:54000},&quot;lab&quot;:[&quot;SE&quot;,&quot;IE&quot;,&quot;LU&quot;,&quot;RO&quot;,&quot;EE&quot;,&quot;SI&quot;],&quot;pts&quot;:[{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Belgium&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:46546.8,&quot;y&quot;:3.25,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Bulgaria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;BG&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:26452.9,&quot;y&quot;:0.77,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Czechia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CZ&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:36255.5,&quot;y&quot;:1.82,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Denmark&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;DK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:51785.4,&quot;y&quot;:3.15,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Germany&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;DE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:47008.3,&quot;y&quot;:3.12,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Estonia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;EE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:31583.4,&quot;y&quot;:1.98,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Ireland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:88342.7,&quot;y&quot;:1.59,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;out&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Greece&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;GR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:27909.5,&quot;y&quot;:1.53,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Spain&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;ES&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:36497.4,&quot;y&quot;:1.5,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;France&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;FR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:39294.2,&quot;y&quot;:2.18,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Croatia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HR&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:31542.5,&quot;y&quot;:1.41,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;hr&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Italy&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;IT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:39220.5,&quot;y&quot;:1.41,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Cyprus&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;CY&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:41190.3,&quot;y&quot;:0.64,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Latvia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LV&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:27791.8,&quot;y&quot;:0.94,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Lithuania&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:35288.1,&quot;y&quot;:1.12,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Luxembourg&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;LU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:98981.9,&quot;y&quot;:1.04,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;out&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Hungary&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;HU&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:30450.3,&quot;y&quot;:1.31,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Malta&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;MT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:43805.0,&quot;y&quot;:0.61,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Netherlands&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;NL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:53149.4,&quot;y&quot;:2.37,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Austria&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;AT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:48091.8,&quot;y&quot;:3.34,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Poland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PL&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:31463.0,&quot;y&quot;:1.4,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Portugal&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;PT&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:33092.7,&quot;y&quot;:1.73,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Romania&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;RO&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:30915.3,&quot;y&quot;:0.46,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Slovenia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SI&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:36150.6,&quot;y&quot;:2.14,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Slovakia&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SK&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:30225.8,&quot;y&quot;:0.98,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Finland&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;FI&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:40871.6,&quot;y&quot;:3.22,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;},{&quot;n&quot;:&quot;Sweden&quot;,&quot;i&quot;:&quot;SE&quot;,&quot;x&quot;:44772.2,&quot;y&quot;:3.53,&quot;yr&quot;:2024,&quot;g&quot;:&quot;eu&quot;}],&quot;xl&quot;:&quot;GDP per capita in purchasing power standards (PPS)&quot;,&quot;xs&quot;:&quot;GDP per capita, PPS&quot;,&quot;cur&quot;:&quot;PPS&quot;}],&quot;col&quot;:{&quot;hr&quot;:&quot;#d9572b&quot;,&quot;eu&quot;:&quot;#2563b0&quot;,&quot;o&quot;:&quot;#1a9e72&quot;,&quot;out&quot;:&quot;#2563b0&quot;},&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;yl&quot;:&quot;R&amp;D expenditure, % of GDP&quot;,&quot;tipf&quot;:&quot;{n}: R&amp;D {y} of GDP, GDP per capita {x}, {yr}&quot;}\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Scatter chart: economies with a higher GDP per capita generally invest a larger share of GDP in R&amp;D. Croatia is close to the trend line.\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-note vz-fnote\" style=\"margin-top:10px !important\" data-n0=\"Each dot is one economy, latest available year from 2019 to 2024. Hover over or tap a dot. The dashed line shows the trend (regression on the logarithm of GDP per capita). World Bank and UNESCO values may differ from Eurostat and OECD figures.\" data-n1=\"The hollow circles are Ireland and Luxembourg: their GDP per capita largely reflects the profits of multinational companies and the work of cross-border commuters, so they are left out of the trend line.\">Each dot is one economy, latest available year from 2019 to 2024. Hover over or tap a dot. The dashed line shows the trend (regression on the logarithm of GDP per capita). World Bank and UNESCO values may differ from Eurostat and OECD figures.<\/p>\n<details><summary>World data as a table (113 economies)<\/summary><div class=\"vz-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th>Economy<\/th><th>R&amp;D, % of GDP<\/th><th>GDP per capita (USD PPP)<\/th><th>Year<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Israel<\/td><td class=\"n\">6.35%<\/td><td class=\"n\">55,301<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Korea<\/td><td class=\"n\">4.94%<\/td><td class=\"n\">57,430<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sweden<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.60%<\/td><td class=\"n\">68,458<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United States<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.45%<\/td><td class=\"n\">82,587<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Japan<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.44%<\/td><td class=\"n\">52,726<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Belgium<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.27%<\/td><td class=\"n\">72,630<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Austria<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.25%<\/td><td class=\"n\">74,261<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Switzerland<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.22%<\/td><td class=\"n\">93,940<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Germany<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.15%<\/td><td class=\"n\">72,262<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finland<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.09%<\/td><td class=\"n\">63,467<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Denmark<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.05%<\/td><td class=\"n\">77,425<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United Kingdom<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.68%<\/td><td class=\"n\">60,787<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iceland<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.64%<\/td><td class=\"n\">82,257<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>China<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.58%<\/td><td class=\"n\">25,200<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Netherlands<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.27%<\/td><td class=\"n\">80,392<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>France<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.18%<\/td><td class=\"n\">60,927<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slovenia<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.13%<\/td><td class=\"n\">56,151<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Australia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.86%<\/td><td class=\"n\">58,327<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Norway<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.85%<\/td><td class=\"n\">107,768<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estonia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.84%<\/td><td class=\"n\">48,848<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Czechia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.83%<\/td><td class=\"n\">56,062<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Singapore<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.81%<\/td><td class=\"n\">144,418<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Canada<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.79%<\/td><td class=\"n\">65,483<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portugal<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.70%<\/td><td class=\"n\">49,800<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ireland<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.59%<\/td><td class=\"n\">133,440<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poland<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.55%<\/td><td class=\"n\">48,473<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>New Zealand<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.55%<\/td><td class=\"n\">54,950<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>United Arab Emirates<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.50%<\/td><td class=\"n\">68,580<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Greece<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.49%<\/td><td class=\"n\">42,614<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Spain<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.49%<\/td><td class=\"n\">55,661<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.42%<\/td><td class=\"n\">43,196<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Croatia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.39%<\/td><td class=\"n\">47,760<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Italy<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.38%<\/td><td class=\"n\">60,350<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hungary<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.38%<\/td><td class=\"n\">46,376<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Brazil<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.19%<\/td><td class=\"n\">21,193<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hong Kong<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.13%<\/td><td class=\"n\">75,342<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Luxembourg<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.07%<\/td><td class=\"n\">152,596<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lithuania<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.05%<\/td><td class=\"n\">52,720<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slovakia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.03%<\/td><td class=\"n\">45,865<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Egypt<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.02%<\/td><td class=\"n\">19,122<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Malaysia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.01%<\/td><td class=\"n\">34,414<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Serbia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.94%<\/td><td class=\"n\">32,832<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Russia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.94%<\/td><td class=\"n\">47,686<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Thailand<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.94%<\/td><td class=\"n\">23,598<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Latvia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.82%<\/td><td class=\"n\">42,784<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kenya<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.81%<\/td><td class=\"n\">6,650<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bulgaria<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.79%<\/td><td class=\"n\">38,829<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rwanda<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.78%<\/td><td class=\"n\">3,519<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tunisia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.75%<\/td><td class=\"n\">12,495<\/td><td class=\"n\">2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iran<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.73%<\/td><td class=\"n\">15,884<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uruguay<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.70%<\/td><td class=\"n\">34,546<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyprus<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.68%<\/td><td class=\"n\">59,875<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Qatar<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.68%<\/td><td class=\"n\">116,833<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Malta<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.65%<\/td><td class=\"n\">67,101<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>India<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.65%<\/td><td class=\"n\">6,766<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Namibia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.65%<\/td><td class=\"n\">10,661<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Saudi Arabia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.64%<\/td><td class=\"n\">71,936<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>South Africa<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.61%<\/td><td class=\"n\">14,747<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Argentina<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.60%<\/td><td class=\"n\">30,246<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Belarus<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.59%<\/td><td class=\"n\">33,166<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Romania<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.52%<\/td><td class=\"n\">45,982<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Algeria<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.44%<\/td><td class=\"n\">17,646<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uganda<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.44%<\/td><td class=\"n\">3,100<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vietnam<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.41%<\/td><td class=\"n\">15,034<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chile<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.39%<\/td><td class=\"n\">30,919<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oman<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.39%<\/td><td class=\"n\">41,801<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Republic of the Congo<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.38%<\/td><td class=\"n\">6,646<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>North Macedonia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.37%<\/td><td class=\"n\">26,996<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ukraine<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.37%<\/td><td class=\"n\">18,636<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Montenegro<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.36%<\/td><td class=\"n\">23,705<\/td><td class=\"n\">2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Costa Rica<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.34%<\/td><td class=\"n\">29,248<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Macao<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.31%<\/td><td class=\"n\">127,144<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Colombia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.29%<\/td><td class=\"n\">15,519<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Armenia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.29%<\/td><td class=\"n\">22,856<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nigeria<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.28%<\/td><td class=\"n\">7,551<\/td><td class=\"n\">2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Indonesia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.28%<\/td><td class=\"n\">11,729<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Philippines<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.28%<\/td><td class=\"n\">8,238<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Georgia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.26%<\/td><td class=\"n\">27,487<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mauritius<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.26%<\/td><td class=\"n\">31,697<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mexico<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.25%<\/td><td class=\"n\">25,820<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bermuda<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.23%<\/td><td class=\"n\">85,146<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Togo<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.22%<\/td><td class=\"n\">3,815<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moldova<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.22%<\/td><td class=\"n\">18,662<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.21%<\/td><td class=\"n\">25,148<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Azerbaijan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.21%<\/td><td class=\"n\">25,146<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Albania<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.20%<\/td><td class=\"n\">22,138<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Panama<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.20%<\/td><td class=\"n\">41,430<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bahrain<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.19%<\/td><td class=\"n\">67,230<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Malawi<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.18%<\/td><td class=\"n\">1,450<\/td><td class=\"n\">2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Peru<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.18%<\/td><td class=\"n\">17,042<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pakistan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.16%<\/td><td class=\"n\">6,019<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kazakhstan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.16%<\/td><td class=\"n\">40,950<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Andorra<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.16%<\/td><td class=\"n\">68,459<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mali<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.15%<\/td><td class=\"n\">3,178<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Paraguay<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.14%<\/td><td class=\"n\">17,585<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Burkina Faso<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2,901<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sri Lanka<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">14,191<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uzbekistan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">12,518<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>El Salvador<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">12,667<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bhutan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">17,762<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lesotho<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.10%<\/td><td class=\"n\">2,880<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kuwait<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.09%<\/td><td class=\"n\">53,119<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tajikistan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.09%<\/td><td class=\"n\">3,654<\/td><td class=\"n\">2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Turkmenistan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.09%<\/td><td class=\"n\">19,645<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mongolia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.08%<\/td><td class=\"n\">16,399<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bolivia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.06%<\/td><td class=\"n\">11,202<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Honduras<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.06%<\/td><td class=\"n\">5,785<\/td><td class=\"n\">2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kyrgyzstan<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.05%<\/td><td class=\"n\">8,208<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trinidad and Tobago<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.05%<\/td><td class=\"n\">32,974<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Syria<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.04%<\/td><td class=\"n\">4,905<\/td><td class=\"n\">2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iraq<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.04%<\/td><td class=\"n\">12,732<\/td><td class=\"n\">2021<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Myanmar<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.02%<\/td><td class=\"n\">5,958<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Guatemala<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.01%<\/td><td class=\"n\">13,752<\/td><td class=\"n\">2023<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\n<details><summary>EU-27 data as a table (2024)<\/summary><div class=\"vz-scroll\"><table><thead><tr><th>Economy<\/th><th>R&amp;D, % of GDP<\/th><th>GDP per capita (PPS)<\/th><th>Year<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sweden<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.53%<\/td><td class=\"n\">44,772<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Austria<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.34%<\/td><td class=\"n\">48,092<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Belgium<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.25%<\/td><td class=\"n\">46,547<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finland<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.22%<\/td><td class=\"n\">40,872<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Denmark<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.15%<\/td><td class=\"n\">51,785<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Germany<\/td><td class=\"n\">3.12%<\/td><td class=\"n\">47,008<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Netherlands<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.37%<\/td><td class=\"n\">53,149<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>France<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.18%<\/td><td class=\"n\">39,294<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slovenia<\/td><td class=\"n\">2.14%<\/td><td class=\"n\">36,151<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Estonia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.98%<\/td><td class=\"n\">31,583<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Czechia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.82%<\/td><td class=\"n\">36,256<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portugal<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.73%<\/td><td class=\"n\">33,093<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ireland<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.59%<\/td><td class=\"n\">88,343<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Greece<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.53%<\/td><td class=\"n\">27,910<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Spain<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.50%<\/td><td class=\"n\">36,497<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Croatia<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.41%<\/td><td class=\"n\">31,543<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Italy<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.41%<\/td><td class=\"n\">39,221<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poland<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.40%<\/td><td class=\"n\">31,463<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hungary<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.31%<\/td><td class=\"n\">30,450<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lithuania<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.12%<\/td><td class=\"n\">35,288<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Luxembourg<\/td><td class=\"n\">1.04%<\/td><td class=\"n\">98,982<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slovakia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.98%<\/td><td class=\"n\">30,226<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Latvia<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.94%<\/td><td class=\"n\">27,792<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bulgaria<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.77%<\/td><td class=\"n\">26,453<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cyprus<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.64%<\/td><td class=\"n\">41,190<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Malta<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.61%<\/td><td class=\"n\">43,805<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Romania<\/td><td class=\"n\">0.46%<\/td><td class=\"n\">30,915<\/td><td class=\"n\">2024<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/details>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Sources: World Bank, WDI (GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS from UNESCO UIS and NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD, updated 8 October 2026); Eurostat, rd_e_gerdtot and nama_10_pc. 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Taiwan is not included because the World Bank does not cover it. World Bank and UNESCO values for individual countries may differ from Eurostat and OECD figures because of different revision dates. The coefficients are calculated from the data in the tables below the chart, so the calculation can be reproduced.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much would Croatia need to invest to reach the EU average or 3%?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With 2025 GDP of EUR 94.0 billion (Eurostat provisional data), a share of 1.41% corresponds to about EUR 1.33 billion a year. The EU average of 2.26% would require about EUR 2.12 billion, or about EUR 0.8 billion more, and the 3% target about EUR 2.82 billion, or about EUR 1.5 billion more per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Croatia's National Development Strategy to 2030 sets a target of 3% of GDP, the same as the EU target. If the average growth of 2014\u20132024 continues, about 0.06 percentage points a year, the share would reach about 1.8% of GDP in 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.vz{background:#f6f8fb;border:1px solid #d9e1ea;border-radius:18px;padding:22px 22px 18px;margin:30px 0;color:#002245;position:relative;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}\n.vz *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.vz [hidden]{display:none !important}\n.vz p{margin:0 0 8px !important;color:#002245 !important}\n.vz .vz-k{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin-bottom:4px !important}\n.vz .vz-t{font-size:19px !important;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3 !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}\n.vz .vz-src{font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 !important;margin:12px 0 0 !important}\n.vz .vz-note{font-size:13.5px !important;color:#4a5d75 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small{display:block;font-size:13px;color:#4a5d75;margin-top:3px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.vz{padding:18px 14px 14px}.vz-bar .vz-v{min-width:62px;font-size:12.5px}.vz-tile .vz-n{font-size:20px}.vz-row{grid-template-columns:minmax(84px,34%) 1fr;gap:8px}.vz-row .vz-rl{font-size:12.5px}}\n<\/style>\n<figure class=\"vz\" id=\"rd-calculator\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p class=\"vz-k\">Calculator<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-t\">How much Croatia would need to invest for a target share of GDP<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-note\">Choose a target share. The calculation uses Croatia&#x27;s 2025 GDP of EUR 94.0 billion (provisional) and compares it with the current share of 1.41%.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-ctrl\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Quick target selection\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1.98\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Estonia (1.98%)<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2.14\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Slovenia (2.14%)<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2.26\" aria-pressed=\"true\">EU average (2.26%)<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"3.0\" aria-pressed=\"false\">2030 target (3.00%)<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"vz-calc\"><label for=\"rd-calculator-r\">Target R&amp;D expenditure: <span class=\"vz-cv\">2.26%<\/span><\/label><input type=\"range\" id=\"rd-calculator-r\" min=\"1.41\" max=\"3.6\" step=\"0.01\" value=\"2.26\"><div class=\"vz-out-grid\" data-gdp=\"94026.1\" data-base=\"1.41\" data-f=\"EUR {v} million\"><div><b class=\"vz-o1\">EUR 2,125 million<\/b><small>total investment per year<\/small><\/div><div><b class=\"vz-o2\">+EUR 799 million<\/b><small>more per year than at 1.41%<\/small><\/div><div><b class=\"vz-o3\">1.6\u00d7<\/b><small>relative to the current share<\/small><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"vz-note\" style=\"margin-top:12px !important\">The calculation is an illustration at the 2025 GDP level and does not include GDP growth or inflation. Actual R&amp;D expenditure in 2024 was EUR 1.21 billion. In the EU, businesses perform about two thirds of R&amp;D.<\/p>\n<p class=\"vz-src\">Sources: Eurostat, nama_10_gdp (2025 GDP, updated 22 October 2026) and rd_e_gerdtot. Calculation: Omnia Solutions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vz-tip\" hidden><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var fig = document.getElementById(\"rd-calculator\");\n  if (!fig) { return; }\n  function tipInit(fig) {\n    var tip = fig.querySelector(\".vz-tip\");\n    function show(el) {\n      tip.textContent = el.getAttribute(\"data-tip\");\n      tip.hidden = false;\n      var fr = fig.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var r = el.getBoundingClientRect();\n      var x = r.left - fr.left + 10;\n      var maxX = fig.clientWidth - tip.offsetWidth - 8;\n      if (x > maxX) { x = maxX; }\n      if (x < 8) { x = 8; }\n      tip.style.left = x + \"px\";\n      tip.style.top = (r.top - fr.top - tip.offsetHeight - 6) + \"px\";\n    }\n    function hide() { tip.hidden = true; }\n    fig.querySelectorAll(\"[data-tip]\").forEach(function(el) {\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseenter\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"mouseleave\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"focus\", function() { show(el); });\n      el.addEventListener(\"blur\", hide);\n      el.addEventListener(\"click\", function() { if (tip.hidden) { show(el); } else { hide(); } });\n    });\n  }\n  tipInit(fig);\n  var LANG = fig.getAttribute(\"data-lang\");\n  var TH = LANG === \"hr\" ? \".\" : \",\";\n  var DC = LANG === \"hr\" ? \",\" : \".\";\n  function fmt(v, dec) {\n    var s = Number(v).toFixed(dec);\n    var p = s.split(\".\");\n    var i = p[0].replace(\/\\B(?=(\\d{3})+(?!\\d))\/g, TH);\n    if (dec > 0) { return i + DC + p[1]; }\n    return i;\n  }\n  var rng = fig.querySelector(\"input[type=range]\");\n  var out = fig.querySelector(\".vz-out-grid\");\n  var gdp = parseFloat(out.getAttribute(\"data-gdp\"));\n  var base = parseFloat(out.getAttribute(\"data-base\"));\n  var FMT = out.getAttribute(\"data-f\");\n  var PCT = LANG === \"hr\" ? \"\\u00a0%\" : \"%\";\n  var btns = fig.querySelectorAll(\".vz-ctrl button\");\n  function upd() {\n    var t = parseFloat(rng.value);\n    var tot = t \/ 100 * gdp, add = (t - base) \/ 100 * gdp;\n    fig.querySelector(\".vz-cv\").textContent = fmt(t, 2) + PCT;\n    fig.querySelector(\".vz-o1\").textContent = FMT.replace(\"{v}\", fmt(tot, 0));\n    fig.querySelector(\".vz-o2\").textContent = (add >= 0 ? \"+\" : \"\") + FMT.replace(\"{v}\", fmt(add, 0));\n    fig.querySelector(\".vz-o3\").textContent = fmt(t \/ base, 1) + \"\u00d7\";\n    btns.forEach(function(b) { b.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", Math.abs(parseFloat(b.getAttribute(\"data-v\")) - t) < 0.001 ? \"true\" : \"false\"); });\n  }\n  rng.addEventListener(\"input\", upd);\n  btns.forEach(function(b) { b.addEventListener(\"click\", function() { rng.value = b.getAttribute(\"data-v\"); upd(); }); });\n  upd();\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What this means for businesses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Companies developing new products, processes and technologies in Croatia can reduce the cost of R&amp;D through several sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tax relief for R&amp;D projects.<\/strong> The Act on State Aid for Research and Development Projects (Zakon o dr\u017eavnoj potpori za istra\u017eiva\u010dko-razvojne projekte, NN 64\/18 and 152\/24) provides an additional reduction of the tax base of 400% of eligible costs for fundamental research, 300% for industrial research and feasibility studies, and 250% for experimental development, within the aid intensity limits. The maximum aid per company and project is EUR 300,000 for fundamental research, EUR 200,000 for industrial research, EUR 100,000 for experimental development and EUR 50,000 per feasibility study, and a project may last up to three consecutive fiscal years. Beneficiary status is confirmed by the Ministry of Economy, and the procedure is set out in a rulebook from May 2025 (NN 77\/25).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EU grants.<\/strong> For research, development and innovation, businesses use calls such as <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/eu-integrator-call-launched-applications-open\/\">Integrator<\/a> (grants of EUR 300,000 to 820,000), <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/step-spin-call-2026\/\">STEP SPIN<\/a> for consortia and the call for <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/start-up-spin-off-companies-young-researchers-2026\/\">start-up and spin-off companies of young researchers<\/a> (up to EUR 200,000 according to the draft guidelines). Each comes with an eligibility questionnaire, and open calls are listed in our <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/eu-grants-businesses-croatia-2026\/\">guide to grants and EU funds<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Investment tax incentives.<\/strong> The Investment Promotion Act (Zakon o poticanju ulaganja) includes development and innovation activities among eligible activities, provides higher support per new job for them, and supports high-tech equipment with up to 20% of the cost, at most EUR 500,000. The conditions are explained in our <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/investment-tax-incentives-croatia-2026\/\">guide to investment tax incentives<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Horizon Europe and the European Innovation Council (EIC).<\/strong> For projects with European partners and high-risk innovation. Before applying it helps to assess the <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/technology-readiness-levels-trl-why-they-matter\/\">technology readiness level (TRL)<\/a>, and we have written about the future of these programmes in our <a href=\"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/eu-innovation-funding-mff-2028-2034\/\">analysis of the next EU budget<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These sources can be combined, subject to the rules on cumulation of state aid for the same costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n.pz-cta{background:#002245;color:#fff;border-radius:22px;padding:28px 28px 30px;margin:36px 0;box-shadow:0 14px 40px rgba(0,34,69,.16)}\n.pz-cta p{color:#E3EAF3 !important;margin:0 0 12px !important;line-height:1.55}\n.pz-k{font-size:13px !important;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#ccff91 !important}\n.pz-t{font-size:24px !important;line-height:1.25 !important;font-weight:800;color:#fff !important}\n.pz-cta p.pz-k{color:#ccff91 !important}\n.pz-cta p.pz-t{color:#fff !important}\n.pz-btns{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:18px}\n.pz-cta a.pz-b1{display:inline-block;background:#ccff91;color:#002245 !important;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:700;padding:13px 22px;border-radius:999px}\n.pz-cta a.pz-b2{display:inline-block;border:2px solid #ccff91;color:#ccff91 !important;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:700;padding:11px 20px;border-radius:999px}\n@media (max-width:640px){.pz-cta{padding:22px 18px 24px}}\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"pz-cta\" id=\"pz-kraj\">\n<p class=\"pz-k\">Developing a new product, process or technology?<\/p>\n<p class=\"pz-t\">Let us check which support your R&amp;D project can apply for<\/p>\n<p>We will review your project and suggest a combination of tax relief, grants and other sources. The introductory call is free.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pz-btns\"><a class=\"pz-b1\" href=\"mailto:info@omniasolutions.hr?subject=Enquiry%3A%20research%20and%20development\">Send us an email<\/a><a class=\"pz-b2\" href=\"tel:+385977969679\">Call +385 97 7969 679<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much does Croatia invest in R&amp;D?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Eurostat, Croatia invested EUR 1,208.8 million in research and development in 2024, or 1.41% of GDP. This is EUR 313 per inhabitant and 16th place in the EU, level with Italy. Since 2014, when it was 0.77%, the share has risen by 0.64 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much does the EU invest in R&amp;D, and what is the target?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2024 the EU invested EUR 408.4 billion in research and development, or 2.26% of GDP. The target set by the European Council is 3% of GDP, which six Member States exceed: Sweden (3.53%), Austria (3.34%), Belgium (3.25%), Finland (3.22%), Denmark (3.15%) and Germany (3.12%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Which country spends the most on R&amp;D?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the OECD, Israel invests the largest share of GDP (6.76% in 2024), followed by South Korea (5.13%) and Taiwan (4.10%). The United States invests 3.44%, China 2.69%, and the OECD average is 2.72%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is R&amp;D spending linked to GDP per capita?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, moderately and positively. Across 113 economies in World Bank data the correlation coefficient is 0.50, and the rank correlation 0.67. The link does not prove causation and weakens markedly among high-income economies (Pearson 0.11, rank 0.34), where some rich countries invest little while Israel and South Korea invest much more than expected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How much would Croatia need to invest to reach the EU average?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With 2025 GDP of EUR 94.0 billion, the EU average of 2.26% would mean about EUR 2.12 billion a year, about EUR 0.8 billion more than at the current share of 1.41%. The 3% target, also set in the National Development Strategy to 2030, would require about EUR 1.5 billion more per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What support can businesses in Croatia use for R&amp;D?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Businesses can use tax relief under the Act on State Aid for Research and Development Projects (an additional tax base reduction of 250% to 400% of eligible costs), EU grants such as Integrator, STEP SPIN and the call for start-up and spin-off companies of young researchers, investment tax incentives, and the Horizon Europe and European Innovation Council programmes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@graph\": [\n  {\n   \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n   \"@id\": \"https:\/\/omniasolutions.hr\/en\/rd-spending-by-country-croatia-eu-world\/#faq\",\n   \"inLanguage\": \"en\",\n   \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\n     \"@type\": \"Question\",\n     \"name\": \"How much does Croatia invest in R\\u0026D?\",\n     \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"According to Eurostat, Croatia invested EUR 1,208.8 million in research and development in 2024, or 1.41% of GDP. 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Eurostat and the OECD revise their data, so some figures differ from earlier releases (for example, the Eurostat news item of 4 December 2025 gave an EU average of 2.2% and EUR 403.1 billion for 2024).<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2024 Croatia invested 1.41% of GDP in R&#038;D and the EU 2.26%. Charts, the correlation with GDP per capita and support for businesses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>R&amp;D spending by country: Croatia, the EU and the world<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Croatia invests 1.41% of GDP in R&amp;D, the EU 2.26% and Israel 6.76%. 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